History is too vast, but to start with, we'll get to Ancient History.
Ancient history is the study of the period from "Prehistory" to about 550 AD ( around the time when Guptas were powerful and later declining).
There were several dynasties and kingdoms coming into the picture and fading away, reigning different regions and sometimes overlapping in time.
Roughly, the ancient history can be divided into two parts based on the source of the knowledge because of which we know of their existence.
Prehistory : This is all the history which we come to know about through tools, geological evidences, cave painting and anything else, that does not include a written proof (whether deciphered or not) of its existence. Further, Prehistory id divided into several ages for teh sake of differentiating between the patterns and features of the people and their lifestyle.
History : It encompasses all the history that has occurred after we discovered writing.
With the view of the world, the Sumerians were the first ever settlers of a town like civilization, the Mesopotamian Civilization. Although we'll stick to the Indian context for now and deal with other civilizations later.
A rough chronology would be helpful here :
| Period | Age | Civilization | Location | Features | Year | Discovered by |
| 4.6 BYA | Beginning of earth | |||||
| 10000 BC | Paleolithic | MP - Soan River, Bhimbetka(cave painting- woman with child tied to her waist throwing arrow), Mageshwa | ||||
| Rajasthan - Luni valley | ||||||
| Karnataka - Pagalghat | ||||||
| AP - Karnool, Renigunta | ||||||
| TN - Vadamadurai, Athirambakkam, Pallavaram, Kanchipuram, Vellur, Thiruvallur | ||||||
| 10000 - 4000 BC | Neolithic | Tirunelveli, Thandikkudi,
Pudukottai, Tiruchirapalli and Salem |
Wheel, domestication - hen, goat, cow | |||
| polished, sharp, carved stone weapons | ||||||
| Making of pots | ||||||
| use of copper | ||||||
| 6000 BC | Agriculture | |||||
| 3000 - 1500 BC | Chalcolithic (copper + stone) | |||||
| 2600 - 1900 BC | Harappan(Buried City) culture (IVC) | Teracotta Seal, Potter's wheel, Pictorial writing | 1856 | |||
| 2700 BC | emergence of cities | Mohenjo-daro(mound of dead) - pak | Great Bath, Drainage sytem,Store house, cloth attached to siver and copper vase, Lime stone Sculpture(dancing girl + man with beard, embroidered cloth), Worship(Lord Shiva -pasupathi, Mother Godess, Lingam, trident, trees) | |||
| Chanhu-daro | Citadel | |||||
| Harappa - pak | Store houses | |||||
| Sutkagendor - pak | ||||||
| Amri - pak | ||||||
| Balakot - pak | ||||||
| Kot Diji - Pak | ||||||
| Ganweriwala- pak | ||||||
| Kalibangan - rajasthan | fire altar, Store house, copper | 1921 | ||||
| Lothal - Gujrat(Beside tributary od Sabarmati, close to Gulf of Khambat) | fire altar, storehouse, dockyard, Semi precious stones, workshop(stone, shell, metal) | |||||
| Dholvir - Gujrat (Khadir Beyt in Rann of Kutchh) | store houses, three parts of city, large open area,harappan script inlaid in wood | |||||
| Nagesshwar - Gujrat | ||||||
| Rangpur - Gujrat | ||||||
| Rojdi - Gujrat | ||||||
| Sarkotada - Gujrat | ||||||
| Kuntasi - Gujrat | ||||||
| Padri - Gujrat | ||||||
| Bhagwanpura - Haryana | ||||||
| Banawali - Haryana | ||||||
| Mitathal | ||||||
| Rakhigarhi | ||||||
| Daimabad - Maharashtra | ||||||
| Alamgirpur - UP | ||||||
| Mauda/ Manda - Jammu | . | |||||
| 1600 - 700 BC | Inamgaon(river Ghod, tributary of Bhima) | special burial sites with portholes | ||||
| 1500 - 600 BC | Iron(Vedic Age to Mahajanpadas) | Ashokan Pillars | Household and agricultural implements of iron | |||
| Marmot - gold dust - Gilgit-Baltistan | ||||||
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